The Media Shape And Reinforce Feminism - 1477 Words

The Media Shape and Reinforce Feminism Why cannot female characters be stronger? The role of media is representing the social status that reflects the actual situation of the female in society’s different aspects. However, female characters do not have enough representation because males take most of the important roles in different kinds of media. Female characters are always represented as one-sided and more reliant on male characters. Even though there is a trend of misrepresentation of females characters, but there is more and more shows have a better portrayal of feminism over time. The portrait of females in TV shows is changing. Because women’ dreams are no longer just being taken care of the family in the real lives, but also†¦show more content†¦For Example, It can show how society treats female at work and their view on a woman s relationship with men, work, and family. If women continue to be represented as dependent and fragile, the status of women will remain low for men are considered to be powerful and tough. Better representation of females on TV brings the hope of feminism development which mean that the ideology of females also change in a positive way. If we can discover how depictions of female characters change, we can have a better understanding of how the status of females changes in society from the past to current day. The progress of feminist representation in the media has a huge relationship to the feminist movement since the 1960s. There are three waves of feminism in history. According to Martha Rampton, the author of â€Å"Four Wave of Feminism,† the feminist movement shows the correct awareness of female right. Females no longer want to live through their dependence on men. Females are fighting for their freedom, rights, and dignity. The first wave of feminism occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and focused on gender equality. The second wave of feminism from the 1960s to 1970s was about sexuality and family and the workplace. After the second wave of feminist movement, there were some magazines and books that showed the different aspects of women. From the 1990s to the present day is the third wave of feminism, which focuses on individualism andShow MoreRelatedWhat s The First Thing You Think Of When You Hear The Word1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthing you think of when you hear the word, feminism? A hateful, misandrist ideology? A word that is inherently sexist in its spellin g? Special treatment for women? Something that only women can believe in? Something that only man-hating, bra-burning, unshaven, witchcraft-practicing, ugly, lesbians believe in? Something to believe in when you can t get a boyfriend? Unnecessary because sexism and inequality no longer exist? When it comes to feminism, I ve heard it all-- every misconception,Read MoreMedia and Social Inequality906 Words   |  4 PagesMedia and Social Inequality The Media promotes and reproduces societal values and norms, establishing common meanings and understandings among groups and individuals. These common meanings are portrayed in the media and put forward by the dominant culture; and for this reason the patterns of inequality that benefit the dominant culture are produced and reproduced. The media today are not only entertaining the people but also favor the spreading of certain information. The different media thusRead MoreWhat Makes An Effective Social Theory? Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesTo reinforce the concept of difference in a social movement Baum suggests that what makes an effective social theory, including feminist theory is it understands the social and political arrangements of the people situated in the argument. So that understanding then helps shape the processes the theory must then go through (Baum 1087), because feminism is fighting for something so big, gender equality, it affects at least half of the population , and not one person s situation will be completelyRead MoreThe Four Aspects Of Sociology And Their View On The Media1197 Words   |  5 Pagesview on the media The media comes in many different formats ranging from the internet (new media) to newspapers (old media, which has been around for many years). The term ‘mass media’ refers to the technology, organisations and producers involved in one-way communication with large audiences without any face-to-face or personal contact. The media is mostly owned by trans-national companies (TNC). This essay explores the views of several aspects of sociology: Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism and Post-ModernismRead MoreBefore Diving Into The Current State Of Male Roles In Advertising,1322 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessary to review past gender stereotypes and how they have developed in the past. Looking at advertising through the media from a social determinist standpoint, the existing cultural and social values and progresses are what determine how gender roles are portrayed in media. This would go against the cultivation theory notion that the media used to portray men and women are what shape our cultural and social ideologies. Grau and Zotos (2016) establish this â€Å"the mirror versus the mold† debate and noteRead MoreImportance Of Female Education On India Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Female Education in Pakistan to Break Boundaries in Society The word â€Å"media† is derived from the word â€Å"medium† which means a carrier of information through a large number of people. Since media is the screen through which a large number of messages pass through it plays an integral role in the shaping of thoughts, ideologies and mind sets within a society. Throughout history it has played a significant role in the shaping and evolution of societies and cultures all over the globe. HenceRead MoreWhy And How Gender Stereotypes1654 Words   |  7 Pages The liberal feminism or mainstream feminism demand for the overall societal system to not favour or discriminate people based on gender. Liberal feminists believe that there is no need for the society to completely restructured, but rather to start adopt non-sexism. Liberal feminist idea of equality is now used to challenge the conventional gender roles and gender stereotypes in modern day advertising(Cohen). The use of media is one of the best way to subtly endorse and reinforce any ideologyRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Olivia Popes Scandal1158 Words   |  5 Pagespolitical drama television series, the Scandal. She is a savvy, competitive, and efficient crisis manager who owns and runs her firm called Pope Associates that handles political situations in Washington D.C. The character has become influential in feminism, fashion, and now even intersectionality. The show debuted on April 5, 2012, and Pope is the only dramatic protagonist role that has been played by a black woman on American network television since 1974. Owing to the current representation of blackRead MoreWomen s Influence On Pop Culture1605 Words   |  7 Pages2014, we saw many famous women revealing their assets in the media to prove a point, that is, to show that they are sexually liberated. Although, it may have seem they were using their bodies to make sales - it is not all true. The recent chaos in the media wi th the female booty and female sexuality in pop culture as a whole has provided the world with powerful messages. So imagine, as these celebrities take on a huge influence on the media with their bodies, what kind of message are they trying toRead MoreExplain the concept of socialization and how useful is it in understanding human behavior?1354 Words   |  5 Pagesmass media. The family is the main agent of socialization. Infants are totally dependent on those around them. The family provides protection, love, attention, affection and of course the basic needs such as food and clothing. To young children, the parents represent the whole world around them. The parents teach their children the attitudes and values accepted by the society. Other agents of socialization such as the school transmit accumulated knowledge and ways of society. The mass media play

Essay on The Man Who Changed South Africa Nelson...

How could a man become president of such a strong country after being imprisoned for nearly three decades and being a minority race? His name was Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. He is a true inspiration to those who hear his story. Starting out as nothing more than a black man and ending as a person whose name is heard and recognized all over the world is something that just briefly explains Nelson Mandela’s life. As a true anti-apartheid Nelson Mandela did wonders for equality with much power even when imprisoned for nearly three decades (Smolowe 62). Nelson Mandela was a man admired by the world for his perseverance in his devotion to equality and becoming president after being incarcerated for 27 years meanwhile maintaining respect from†¦show more content†¦Once the ANC came to an end, Mandela decided to join a secret rebellious armed organization; very same to the ANC, at which one point in time he decided to lead. Sadly, this act of civil disobedience landed him in pr ison. Their hideaway was discovered in the early 60’s and inside the secret hideout implicating documents and equipment designed originally for bomb making was discovered. This led to a long trial for which Nelson Mandela told the court that his beliefs on equality and a free society â€Å"is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs to be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die† (Smolowe 62). He was sentenced to 5 years in prison (Perry 26). Furthermore, many can assume the feelings of anger and disappointment most of South Africa faced when news of Nelson Mandela’s imprisonment was leaked to the country. Mandela, only 45 years old at the time, was shipped to an island very similar to Alcatraz in California. It was called Robben Island. He was prisoner 466/64 and endured a cell that was only 8x7 feet in size. Here in this prison the improper treatment of different colored men was the worst Nelson Mandela had seen. He said â€Å"You have no idea, of the cruelty of man against man until you have been in a South African prison with black prisoners and white wardens† (Smolowe 62). Even with the roadblock of being incarcerated, the tenacious man still continued to protest from prison leading him toShow MoreRelatedBiography of Nelson Mandela1334 Words   |  6 PagesNelson Mandela Born and raised in South Africa. According to the Nelson Mandela Foundation, Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Mvezo, Transkei, on July 18,1918 to parents Nonqaphi Nosekeni and Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Galda Mandela. Rolihlahla Mandela was raised in a home with a family that always worked towards bettering the future. Mandela’s childhood was peaceful, he spent time on cattle herding and other rural pursuits. He was one of thirteen children, and had three older brothers all who were ofRead MoreMake Your Enemy Your Partner Says Nelson Mandela538 Words   |  2 Pagesyour partner.† This is what Nelson Mandela once said. Mandela was a man who changed the world in so many ways. He believed that education was a very powerful weapon able to change the world. He was someone who was very involved with the Anti-apartheid, in his own country. Nelson never gave up on what he believed in, this showed in the way he protested for his country. Rolihlahla Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, into the Madiba clain in Mvezo, Transkei. When Mandela was 12 his father died, forcingRead MoreNelson Mandela: The Living Legend1089 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Speech 101 5 November 2013 Informative Speech: Nelson Mandela: The Living Legend Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about Nelson Mandela and his achievement and positive impact on Africa and the world. Central Idea: Nelson Mandela’s struggle and achievement in South Africa and around the world. Introduction: Attention Getter: Take a moment and think this situation. You are young and ambitious. Your dream is to free your people and your country. You decided to protest anyway againstRead MoreThe War I And World War II881 Words   |  4 Pages INTRODUTION 2 Rolihlahla Mandela was born in July 18th of 1918 in a village called Mvezo, situated in South Africa. He attended a Christian school where he was given the name Nelson as it was a custom to give Christian names to school children (Moloko, 2014). He was from a very poor family and always wanted to help his people out of such poverty. His parents raised him telling stories of their ancestors’ accomplishments and he begun to dream of doing the same, which indeed he did. DRAWINGRead MoreMandela: A Life Devoted to Change and Freedom2008 Words   |  9 Pagescolonies in Africa. Through a slow process between 1902 and 1910, the four colonies became a unified union. By May 1910, Britain passed the South Africa Act and the four colonies became one independent colony. It was formally named the Union of South Africa. While white South Africans rejoiced, black South Africans did not see hope in their future. Although black South Africans made up two-thirds of the population, the South African Parliament was controlled by extremist Afrikaners – people who favoredRead MoreNelson Mandela character analysis1643 Words   |  7 PagesPrimary socialisation Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on July 18th, 1918 and recently died on December 5th 2013. He was born in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (father) Nonqaphi Nosekeni (mother) were both Christians, therefore so was Mr Mandela. His father Gadla was the head chief in his community. The strengths his father would have needed were to speak up for his people, have courage, be caring, be supportive of his community, strong, powerful worker, a good communicatorRead MoreNelson Mandela s Leadership Characteristics1971 Words   |  8 Pagescharacter of the considerable leader, Nelson Mandela, is huge today on a global connection is mainly because of his political activities in South Africa. However his own ha spread more than that of a South African leader, yet in to an internationally perceived key leader who helped South Africa, as well as humanity too. The leadership characteristics of Nelson Mandela can be watched and saw in line with the oppression of all races other than white confronted in South Africa. He not just needed to manageRead MoreThe Bravery of Nelson Mandela1431 Words   |  6 Pageslife is free or arrives without trying. In alignment to be brave, a person should have courageous, persistent, and honest Nelson Mandela, the previous leader of South Africa, did not choose to take an easy walk to flexibility. Mandela is highly regarded all through the phrase for his integrity, courage, and dignity to be able to help his people in South Africa. Nelson Mandela is well renowned in his homeland as a champion for his bravery to stand for what he believed was right, and endured yearsRead MoreThe Black And White Water Fountains1918 Words   |  8 Pagesenvironments and the unequal treatments that African Americans faced such as the â€Å"black and white water fountains† in the South. Dating back to the beginning of the 1910s, Apartheid has done its share in racial segregation .It as an immense conflict that was yet concluded by the people who collaborated to form the Anti-Apartheid movement. Resistance to apartheid within South Africa took many forms over the years, from non-violent demonstrations, protests and strikes to political action and eventuallyRead MoreShort Summary Of Nelson Mandela s Long Walk On Freedom 2483 Words   |  10 Pageswill do so until the end of my days.† Nelson Mandela. He was birthed into greatness and it is safe to say that he was a publicly acclaimed leader for his great efforts during the Apartheid in South Africa. Many would identify a leader in many ways but, the most important aspect of leadership is to go against the circumstances and make a difference. Mandela’s childhood experiences and life after helped shaped his beliefs and values that would label him the man he became to be. In terms of culture and

From the very beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth is viewed as very controlling, strong, and certain Essay Example For Students

From the very beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth is viewed as very controlling, strong, and certain Essay From the very beginning of the play, Lady Macbeth is viewed as very controlling, strong, and certain; saying that Macbeth Shalt be what thou art promised. This shows Lady Macbeths command, she is ordering Macbeth to become what the witches have foreseen, not questioning whether he will achieve it, or even not try. From the very start therefore we see just how powerful Lady Macbeth is, if she can command her husband to murder the king of Scotland. Her power is also shown in the way she taunts Macbeth, saying he is too full of the milk of human kindness. This shows how cold Lady Macbeth is, she is implying Macbeth is too much like a kind child to murder anyone, which is another method used to spur Macbeth on into killing his king. Her coldness and control is again shown when she begins to plot Duncans murder with Macbeth, she says he should look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under it, more advice for the killing of his king, and leave the rest to me shows her cold and calm control over the matter. Lady Macbeth also shows a more helpful side, offering help. I may pour my spirits in thine ear, which although seemingly providing a contrast to her cold hearted plotting earlier, is in fact another way in which she is convincing Macbeth to kill Duncan, she in now being nice to Macbeth to try an show him that she is on his side and is kind and friendly, but is in fact plotting, and this perhaps shows an untrue innocent side to Lady Macbeth. Macbeth however is on the other side in their relationship, and once he builds up the courage to tell her he does not want to continue with the murder. But she rallies, calling him a coward, saying that if he could murder Duncan he were a man. This to Macbeth, a proud and mighty warrior is a deep insult, and he soon is convinced that he will carry out the murder. Lady Macbeths cold hearted side again shows, saying she would dash out the brains of her own child because she is so sure Macbeth should kill Duncan. We also see how Lady Macbeths influence has rubbed off on Macbeth, as he says False face must hide what the false heart doth know, which is very similar to Lady Macbeths words of the innocent flower earlier. In act 1 we see how Lady Macbeth has a power over Macbeth, she is cunning and calculated, and despite the fact that Macbeth is the hardened warrior, she is the one who laughs at murder and Macbeth who declines, however we see her exert her power over Macbeth to make him want to murder Duncan, showing how the power in the relationship is all in Lady Macbeths hands in the first act. In act two, after murdering Duncan, Macbeth says This is a sorry sight, but Lady Macbeth again shows her power over Macbeth. A foolish thing to say a sorry sight. This shows how she is still cold hearted, as she thinks it is foolish for a man to show remorse at a murder he committed. She orders him to not think so deeply, saying that thinking about the deed will make us mad and unbend your noble strength. Here we see a slightly weaker side to Lady Macbeth; she is herself feeling vulnerable to guilt, almost immediately after the murder. This is shown in will make us mad. The us shows that she is no longer only concerned for Macbeth, but is worried about her own mental state too, worried that she may go mad with guilt. But soon after, Lady Macbeth regains her control, and begins to once more organise affairs in her cold and careless way, go get some water and wash this filthy witness from your hand. This implies that Lady Macbeth wants Macbeth to get dispose of himself, as she asks him to dispose of this filthy witnessÂÂ ´, suggesting that Macbeth rid himself of the part of him that was uncertain and stood watching the other side of him murder Duncan. Again this is another massive request from Lady Macbeth, but Macbeth seems to obey anyway, showing her power over him. The winter's tale - A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare EssayThe killings have had a profound effect on her, as earlier in the play, she was a cool, calm, controlling wife who could make her proud warrior husband kill at the click of her fingers, whereas now she is overcome with guilt. From this, it is clear that her absence from act four has been time alone, where the ramifications of her actions have been sinking in. Later, we see Macbeth admit that what he has done is wrong, and that he regrets it, but only in private. I have loved long enough, implying that he wishes to die for what he has done, the deeds are so terrible. He also says Honour, love, obedience, troops of friends I must look not to have, suggesting that he does not have the respect, care or friends associated with achievements of this kind. This shows how all passion or love and even respect has been lost in Lady Macbeths and Macbeths relationship, as he feels he has none of these things. This is a co ntrast to before, when even if Lady Macbeth was being cold; she was always at his side to help him. But now, we see a change in their roles, Macbeth is making his own plans, he is in control and can come to terms with his guilt, shown in I will fight till from my bones my flesh be hacked, which not only shows great courage in Macbeth, despite the guilt he is feeling, but also echoes his words earlier, those of the brave captain seen in act one. This quote shows how Macbeth has changed since the murder of Duncan. Had he want to protect what he has done, he would have said I will fight until I have driven off Macduff for example. But he only mentions until his death occurs. This shows that firstly, he knows what he has done is wrong, but he wants to die for his crimes, but will retain the great pride he had as a noble warrior at the start of the play and fight until he falls. In act five scene five we see again the change in Macbeths character, he has gone from the man who was appalled be every noise, as said someone who would be a nervous wreck, to a man who has almost forgot the taste of fears as has supped full with horrors. This implies that Macbeth no longer fears anything, for he has seen too much violence and fear to be affected anymore. This is a vast contrast to the nervous wreck which killed Duncan, and shows how much he has changed. After news of Lady Macbeths death is brought to him, Macbeth reflects on the futility of his actions Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more. It is a tale told by and idiot, full of sound and fury signifying nothing. This shows a man who has looked back on his life and seen that he has achieved nothing. For Macbeth, this is particularly prominent, as he has made the sacrifice of his inner peace due to what boils down to his and his wifes ambition. However in this speech, he recognises that his actions were futile, as no matter how hard one struts and frets in life, it is but a walking shadow and signifying nothing, and Macbeth has thrown away his hour, as his life or his play was full of sound and fury. However, we must ask whether it is this futility in life discovered by Macbeth, or the fact that their relationship has been deteriorating that Macbeth almost shrugs off his wifes death? Perhaps it is her cold hearted ways which have taught him not to care. But in any case, here we see how their relationship has deteriorated to such a state that Macbeth no longer cares if she is alive or not, where as before he had trouble with Duncans death, someone far less close to him than his own wife.

To Kill A Mockingbird Childhood Experience Essay Example For Students

To Kill A Mockingbird: Childhood Experience Essay To Kill A Mockingbird: Childhood ExperienceHave you ever thought of an answer to reply to your children, when theyask you, What was the world like when you were a child?, What things thathappened that impressed you most when you were a child? or How interesting isyour childhood experience?. Everybody must have had their childhood. Some ofthe experiences may cause them to smile, or even laugh, while some of them maybring back bitter memories. It is always hard to express the childhoodincidents or experience in a clear and interesting way, since they were pastmemories that happened long time ago. Moreover, when a person has grown up,they will never have the same feeling which they might have in their childhood. We will write a custom essay on To Kill A Mockingbird: Childhood Experience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, the authors Harper Lee and Mark Twain can express their own childhoodinside the stories they created, in a lively and realistic way. The two novelsTo Kill a Mockingbird and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer have a very similarcharacteristic. It is the way they describe a persons childhood experience,and their feelings and new knowledge that come out from those experiences. Thischaracteristic, however, has given me a big revelation after reading the twonovels. The novels show that the childhood experience of a person has a greatpositive influence on his personality, behaviour, and ways on dealing withothers. This idea has been shown by the authors in both novels. From the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, one could discover that innocentbehaviour and misunderstanding can lead a child to view a person or thingincorrectly and incompletely. This behaviour can also lead a child to a wrongperspective. In the first part of To Kill a Mockingbird, the main charactersScout, Jem, and Dill thought that the Radley family and their member, Boo Radley,as strange and unnatural human beings. They described Radleys house as Thatis a sad house. (Harper Lee, 48). This is a fact they heard from theirneighbours. Until one day, their neighbour Miss Maudies house was found onfire. While Scout was standing outside in the cold watching the fire, someonefrom behind her and put a blanket around her shoulders. Later, Scout and Jemrealized that there was only one person in town who had not fought to put outthe fire Boo Radley. Scout asked, Thank who?(Harper Lee, 76). Jem replied,Boo Radley. You were so busy looking at the fire you didnt know it when he putthe blanket around you.(Harper Lee, 76) It was then that Scout and Jem startedto realize that Boo Radley was basically a kind and normal person, and that hewas not a strange person as they thought at the beginning of the story. Thisincident proves that misunderstanding can bring a child into wrong perspectives,and that experience through time helps to solve the problem. There is alsoanother proof from the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. In the story, themain character, Tom Sawyer, thought that school was a restriction to him andtherefore he decided to skip school and found his world of freedom from theforest and rivers. His aunt, Polly said, Didnt you want to go in a-swimming,Tom? (Mark Twain, 13) Afterwards, Aunt Polly tried to punish him for skippingschool by ordering him to wash a long, huge fence. However, this did not haveany effect on Tom. He continued to do what he thought was right skipsclasses. He did not seem to care why his aunt Polly punished him. This is,once again, another example t o show how innocent behaviour can lead a child tohave wrong perspective and behaviour. .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa , .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa .postImageUrl , .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa , .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa:hover , .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa:visited , .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa:active { border:0!important; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa:active , .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c16f75cae19f1c99156e67e496c2ffa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Brookdale Community College EssayAlthough it has been said that innocent behaviour usually leads a childinto the wrong path, there are still some exceptions. Having said that, itshould be remembered that the nature of a child really helps to develop his orher own positive personality and behaviour, together with their childhoodexperience. For example, in To Kill a Mockingbird, the character Scout, was asmart and clever girl. However, she did not get any close friends other thanher new friend Dill and her brother Jem, as seen from the story. From the scenewhere Scout argued and embarrassed Mr. Cunningham, her friend WalterCunninghams father, dissuading him from trying to ki ll Tom Robinson, one candiscover her talent in speaking and arguing with people. She said, Hey, Mr. Cunningham, hows your entailment gettin along? (Harper Lee, 155), remindingMr. Cunningham that Scouts father, Atticus, had once helped him with legalproblems. Scout continued to talk about young Walter, and how she once lent himmoney to buy lunch when the boy had nothing to eat. I go to school with Walter,hes your boy, aint he? (Harper Lee, 156) This kind of friendly talk made Mr. Cunningham ashamed and finally left the jail instead of killing Tom Robinson. This nature helped her to grow up and become more mature through the experiencesshe encountered throughout the whole plot. Another example can be found fromthe novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. In the story, Tom Sawyer was a typicalboy in his time. He was an imaginative, active, and smart boy. From theincident where he tried to use his clever technique to make other boys completethe punishment given out by Aunt Polly as mentioned in the previous paragraph,one can discover how smart and clever he was. Tom said, Oh you think you aremighty smart, dont you? I could lick you with one hand tied behind me, if Iwanted to. (Mark Twain, 15) showing his confidence in his own talent andknowledge. From the fact that he hated and skipped school all the time, he hadexperienced many unpredictable happenings that helped him to understand, tolearn more, and to develop his own perspective. After discussing how the innocent behaviour of a child and his ownnature may have positive influence on him, its now time to talk about the results that came out from their childhood experience. From the two novelsdiscussed in the previous paragraphs, the results can be seen clearly fromeither the characters in the story or the children nowadays. After they wentthrough a journey of maturity, they finally became young adults who wereresponsible, caring, and intelligent. Examples can be drawn from the novel ToKill a Mockingbird. After the two major incidents happened in the story, namely,the Boo Radley incident and Tom Robinsons Trial, the character Scout started torealize that how important it was to understand a person and to have toleranceamong people. Scout felt sympathy and grief after knowing the death of TomRobinson, because he had committed no crime. She realized why her fatherAtticus told her not to kill a mockingbird; its because it was a harmless birdand innocent of any wron g. Miss Maudie explained to the children, Mockingbirdsdont do one thing but sing their hearts out of us. (Harper Lee, 102) and thatitd be a sin to kill a Mockingbird. Scout knew that a bad person like BobEwell in the story, could attack people physically, but he had no real power tocontrol peoples minds. Another example can be found on The Adventures of TomSawyer. Tom Sawyer was scared after the scene of murder by Injun Joe in thecemetery. He then knew that Injun Joe was a very very bad person. He thereforestood up in the witness box to point out Injun Joes crime. Also, from the lastpart of the story, Toms care for his girlfriend, Becky, is evident. Tom tookcare of Becky when they were both in the cave. Becky felt she would die soonand made Tom promise that he would return to her and hold her hand when he couldfind a way out. She said, Can you find the way, Tom? Its all a mixed-upcrookedness to me. (Mark Twain, 191). Tom kissed her and tried to act brave ashe left her to try to find a way out of the cave. He grew even mature after allthese bitter and unpleasant experiences. .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 , .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 .postImageUrl , .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 , .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8:hover , .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8:visited , .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8:active { border:0!important; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8:active , .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8 .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c5f08d19b5537760666cfe81ccdafe8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gun Control Good Or Bad EssaySometimes it is very hard to find out why the childhood experience of aperson has a formative, or even a great positive influence, on either theirpersonality, behaviour, and ways on dealing with others. The two novelsdiscussed above did give a very precise and clear answer to this question. However, to understand why this kind of experience may cause positive influenceon a child, one must not only look from their innocent behaviour and theirnature; other factors also count. It may be the era in which the child was born,or his family background, or may be the inherent personality of the child. Nobody except a psychologist may have a perfect solution to this question. Butone hard core can be declared, the above question is one of the ideas which flowout from the two novels To Kill a Mockingbird from Harper Lee, and TheAdventures of Tom Sawyer from Mark Twain. The two authors have done anexcellent job in proving the idea discussed above childhood experience of aperson has a positive influence on their perspectives and values. English

Free Essays on Life Shaping

The first step to making or throwing a pot is wedging. Wedging the lump of clay properly will ensure ease when throwing. To wedge clay, the potter must rhythmically knead the clay at least one hundred times. The purpose of wedging is to remove air bubbles and thoroughly mix the clay into a workable mass. Just as an infant would die without proper care, a pot without properly wedged clay will never endure. Centering the clay is the most important part of wheel throwing. Even the best-wedged lump will be nothing without proper centering. Centering is done by lubricating the lump with water, and applying a firm but guiding hand to it. The potter then practices coning, which is moving the clay up and down to make the clay more malleable. A firm and guiding hand is needed to assist small children as they learn to make decisions. Social standards and morals have not been fully comprehended yet, so it is easy for a small child to start off on the wrong foot here. The potter now opens the centered mass rotating beneath his hands. This is done by forming a depression in the top and inserting his thumbs down to one half inch of the bottom. Then, the sides are pulled outward to the desired diameter. The potter firms or re-centers the rim each step after opening, once again using a firm and guiding hand to ensure quality. As the pot grows, less pressure is needed to keep the rim true if this was done correctly throughout the beginning stages. A good parent will allow children to grow and learn on their own, but keep them on the proper path as they continue their life journey. Once the child understands how they should behave, less stringent guidance is needed. Pulling the sides of the vessel will be one of the main factors in what the pot becomes. Most pottery is pulled up into a straight cylinder and then formed afterwards. Bowls are pulled at an angle outward so as to give them their bowl-like characteristics. Pulling not only makes the wal... Free Essays on Life Shaping Free Essays on Life Shaping The first step to making or throwing a pot is wedging. Wedging the lump of clay properly will ensure ease when throwing. To wedge clay, the potter must rhythmically knead the clay at least one hundred times. The purpose of wedging is to remove air bubbles and thoroughly mix the clay into a workable mass. Just as an infant would die without proper care, a pot without properly wedged clay will never endure. Centering the clay is the most important part of wheel throwing. Even the best-wedged lump will be nothing without proper centering. Centering is done by lubricating the lump with water, and applying a firm but guiding hand to it. The potter then practices coning, which is moving the clay up and down to make the clay more malleable. A firm and guiding hand is needed to assist small children as they learn to make decisions. Social standards and morals have not been fully comprehended yet, so it is easy for a small child to start off on the wrong foot here. The potter now opens the centered mass rotating beneath his hands. This is done by forming a depression in the top and inserting his thumbs down to one half inch of the bottom. Then, the sides are pulled outward to the desired diameter. The potter firms or re-centers the rim each step after opening, once again using a firm and guiding hand to ensure quality. As the pot grows, less pressure is needed to keep the rim true if this was done correctly throughout the beginning stages. A good parent will allow children to grow and learn on their own, but keep them on the proper path as they continue their life journey. Once the child understands how they should behave, less stringent guidance is needed. Pulling the sides of the vessel will be one of the main factors in what the pot becomes. Most pottery is pulled up into a straight cylinder and then formed afterwards. Bowls are pulled at an angle outward so as to give them their bowl-like characteristics. Pulling not only makes the wal...

The Battle of Buena Vista - Mexican American War

The Battle of Buena Vista - Mexican American War The Battle of Buena Vista took place on  February 23, 1847 and was a hard-fought battle between the invading US army, commanded by General Zachary Taylor, and the Mexican army, led by General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna. Taylor had been fighting his way southwest into Mexico from the border when most of his troops were reassigned to a separate invasion to be led by General Winfield Scott. Santa Anna, with a much larger force, felt he could crush Taylor and re-take northern Mexico. The battle was bloody, but inconclusive, with  both sides claiming it as a victory. General Taylors March Hostilities had broken out between Mexico and the USA in 1846. American General Zachary Taylor, with a well-trained army, had scored major victories at the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma near the US/Mexico border and had followed up with the successful siege of Monterrey in September of 1846. After Monterrey, he moved south and took Saltillo. The central command in the USA then decided to send a separate invasion of Mexico via Veracruz and many of Taylors best units were reassigned. By early 1847 he had only some 4,500 men, many of them untested volunteers. Santa Annas Gambit General Santa Anna, recently welcomed back to Mexico after living in exile in Cuba, swiftly raised an army of 20,000 men, many of whom were trained professional soldiers. He marched north, hoping to crush Taylor. It was a risky move, as by then he was aware of Scott’s planned invasion from the east. Santa Anna rushed his men north, losing many to attrition, desertion and illness along the way. He even outpaced his supply lines: his men had not eaten for 36 hours when they met the Americans in battle. General Santa Anna  promised them American supplies after their victory. The Battlefield at Buena Vista Taylor learned of Santa Annas advance and deployed in a defensive position near the Buena Vista ranch a few miles to the south of Saltillo. There, the Saltillo road was flanked on one side by a plateau accessed by several small ravines. It was a good defensive position, although Taylor had to spread his men thinly to cover it all and he had little in the way of reserves. Santa Anna and his army arrived on February 22: he sent Taylor a note demanding surrender as the soldiers skirmished. Taylor predictably refused and the men spent a tense night near the enemy. The Battle of Buena Vista Begins Santa Anna launched his attack the following day. His plan of attack was direct: he would send his best forces against the Americans along the plateau, using the ravines for cover when he could. He also sent an attack along the main road to keep as much of Taylor’s force as possible occupied. By noon the battle was progressing in favor of the Mexicans: volunteer forces in the American center on the plateau had buckled, allowing the Mexicans to take some ground and direct fire into the American flanks. Meanwhile, a large force of Mexican cavalry was making their way around, hoping to surround the American army. Reinforcements reached the American center just in time, however, and the Mexicans were driven back. The Battle  Ends The Americans enjoyed a healthy advantage in terms of artillery: their cannons had carried the day at the battle of Palo Alto earlier in the war and they were again crucial at Buena Vista. The Mexican attack stalled, and the American artillery began pounding the Mexicans, wreaking havoc and causing massive loss of life. Now it was the Mexicans’ turn to break and retreat. Jubilant, the Americans gave chase and were very nearly trapped and destroyed by the massive Mexican reserves. As dusk fell, the weapons went silent with neither side disengaging; most of the Americans thought the battle would be resumed the next day. Aftermath of the Battle The battle had ended, however. During the night, the Mexicans disengaged and retreated: they were battered and hungry and Santa Anna didnt think they would hold for another round of combat. The Mexicans took the brunt of the losses: Santa Anna had lost 1,800 killed or wounded and 300 captured. The Americans had lost 673 officers and men with  another 1,500 or so  deserting. Both sides hailed Buena Vista as a victory. Santa Anna sent glowing dispatches back to Mexico City describing a triumph with thousands of American dead left on the battlefield. Meanwhile, Taylor claimed victory, as his forces had held the battlefield and driven off the Mexicans. Buena Vista was the last major battle in northern Mexico. The American army would remain without taking  further offensive action, pinning their hopes for victory on Scotts planned invasion of Mexico City. Santa Anna had taken his best shot at Taylors army: he would now move south and try and hold off Scott. For the Mexicans, Buena Vista was a disaster. Santa Anna, whose ineptitude as a general has become legendary, actually had a good plan: had he crushed Taylor as  he planned, Scotts invasion might have been recalled. Once the battle started, Santa Anna put the right men in the right places to succeed: had he committed his reserves to the weakened part of the American line on the plateau he might have had his victory. If the Mexicans had won, the entire course of the Mexican-American War may well have changed. It was probably the Mexicans best chance to win a large-scale battle in the war, but they failed to do so. As a historical note, the St. Patricks Battalion, a Mexican artillery unit comprised largely of defectors from the United States Army (mainly Irish and German Catholics, but other nationalities were represented), fought with distinction against their former comrades. The San Patricios, as they were called, formed an elite artillery unit charged with supporting the ground offensive on the plateau. They fought very well, taking out American artillery placements, supporting the infantry advance and later covering a retreat. Taylor sent an elite squad of dragoons after them but they were driven back by withering cannon fire. They were instrumental in capturing two pieces of US artillery, later used by Santa Anna to declare the battle a victory. It would not be the last time that the San Patricios caused great trouble for the Americans. Sources Eisenhower, John S.D. So Far from God: the U.S. War with Mexico, 1846-1848. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1989 Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States.New York: Hill and Wang, 2007. Hogan, Michael. The Irish Soldiers of Mexico. Createspace, 2011. Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003. Wheelan, Joseph. Invading Mexico: Americas Continental Dream and the Mexican War, 1846-1848. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2007.

Notion of Disciplinary Societies and Societies of Control Essay

Notion of Disciplinary Societies and Societies of Control - Essay Example Various ways of control are done as laws are not the only means of it but also through rewards and punishment (Deleuze 1995, p. 5). People who show exemplary values to the society by following the laws and doing their duties for the society are rewarded. On the other hand, violators face the consequence of their actions as they receive the punishment. Punishments are then penalized in various ways and in different degrees. Bribes and stealing may be penalized by lighter sanctions like less than a year of spending time inside the jail or by fines. Higher degrees of crimes are punishable by the law via life sentence and even death penalty (Foucault 1977, p. 130). Another way of prevention of those crimes is through discipline. It is primarily taught at school as the learners must learn the value of self-control. Other programs are even conducted by the government to ensure the proliferation of discipline among the people in the society. It is a good way of preventing crimes from becomi ng widespread. It also serves as a way of control though it may not be a direct approach. The time nowadays seems to pass by quickly as changes happen almost everyday. The technology advancement accelerates at the speed of information that leads to the creation of the digital age. Information is primarily an important entity for that age as geographical boundaries have been overcome by the geniuses of the people. Networks and computers are now used for education, business and collaboration across fields of interests as people have seen the vast potential of the technology (Best, 2010, p. 6). Internet has proven to be a cost-effective way of advertising and conducting businesses as companies both big and small are able to reach out to a wider range of audience and potential market as they do not need to physically go to other faraway locations just to conduct their businesses. Education also benefits from the technology of the worldwide web as students are able to study anytime and a nywhere. It serves as a good form of education especially for the working class. Through online classrooms, multimedia supported web pages and online forums, students are able to study in a flexible manner. Despite of those advantages, the growing popularity and use of internet has posed various risks especially to the security of people. Their identities are transmitted through the interconnected wires and sensitive data are shared. Sometimes it may become the source for frauds, scams and even national threats (Agre, 1994, p. 102). It may pose a big risk to the liberties of the individuals and nations alike. In particular, two concepts will be discussed deeply in the paper based upon the notions of the two authors namely Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze. Foucault wrote about the discipline in the society through his work Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison while Deleuze wrote about the societal control through his work Postscript on the Society of Control. Both concept s will be compared and contrast and analyzed regarding their implications to the current state of the society where mobile phones, computers and internet are widely-used. The concept of discipline in the society as depicted by Foucault showed the starting point of control and how the society deals with crimes. The society was once

Multivariate Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Multivariate Analysis - Essay Example The huge capacity of research in the field of modeling of the real world processes along with handling of several input and output variables is obvious. All these situations can be considered as multivariate due to the presence of multiple variables. Multivariate Analysis: Multivariate analysis techniques identify the relationship patterns among a number of variables at one time. Multivariate analysis techniques are generally used for, Development of classification systems. Enquiring ways to group and use data items. Generation and testing of hypothesis. Selected Papers The research papers selected for the study are listed as follows, 1. A Study of Diversification in banking sector with special reference to Finance, by Yaseen Ahmed Meenai, IBA, Karachi, Pakistan. 2. Performance measurement by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): A study of banking sector in Pakistan by Sultan Jahanzaib, Bilal Muhammad, Zaheer Abbas. International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3. The Comparison of Principal Component Analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis in Ranking of Decision, by Filiz KARDYEN and H.Hasan ORKCU, Turkey. The sources of these research papers are indicated in the references. The rationale of selection: Keeping in mind the major field of study as ‘finance’, these papers are selected to study the application of multiple multivariate analysis techniques in the field. Following paper wise description clarifies the selection criteria to a better extent. Research paper 1, discusses the growth of consumer financing in Pakistan during the early years of the first decade of this century. The purpose is served through the selection and study of the data generated by ten financial institutions in this era. To support the hypothetical claim of a boom in performance during this period, two multivariate analysis techniques namely Profile Analysis and Correspondence Analysis are used. The second research paper is also related to the banking sector in Pakista n. The relevance with the field of finance becomes the main reason for the selection of this paper as well. The added reasons are that the paper exhibits the application of a unique non statistical multivariate technique namely Data Envelopment Analysis. This technique is used to comment on the efficiency and effectiveness of the DMUs (banks). The hypothesis presented claims no correlation between efficiency and effectiveness. The result of analysis supports the hypothesis. Research paper 3 is selected mainly to enhance the knowledge of multivariate techniques studied and learnt in this research so far. This paper is taken as an extension to the previous one as it compares the Data Envelopment Analysis with a purely statistical multivariate analysis technique namely Principle Component Analysis. The case study (a bit financial) and data selected for the comparison is related to the ranking of multiple European Union Countries in terms of economy. The paper stands out as it proves th at PCA could be used instead of DEA for ranking the DMUs (counties in this case) as effectively as DEA. The paper highlights the procedural differences of both the techniques as well. The Techniques: Profile Analysis This technique takes the data in tabular manner to consider the row wise or column wise profiles. The visualization of data through profile analysis enhances the understanding of data. The factors like relative inclination or decline and percentage

Managing The Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Managing The Human Resources Essay INTRODUCTION: This assignment is based on a case study titled Hot Work at the Aluminium Smelter in Lynmouth, and it examines the current HRM principles being used within the organisation. The HR values that are being investigated are HRM or people management values, team effectiveness and the effect of motivation, communication and the culture in the organisation, and leadership qualities. The overall aim of this assignment is to provide appropriate business solutions that help in improving the effectiveness of the organisation, from the perspective of a HR consultant. HRM PEOPLE MANAGEMENT VALUES: Armstrong (2000) argues that personnel practioners are often confused when asked about the difference between HRM and personnel management. According to Storey (1995) HRM is said to be fundamentally unitarist. This makes the management at Lynmouth more HR than personnel, as although the unions membership levels were low and their influence was weak, they were recognised by management in respect of white-collar staff. Also teamworking was introduced with the cooperation of the plants trade union, and they were asked to recommend the number of posts required for the new line that was to open in 2000. This shows that the management did consider the unions before reaching a decision. The climate of employee relations could be characterized as suspicious and mistrustful, indicating to a model of personnel management (Sisson 1994). In HRM, rules, procedures and contracts are an obstruction to effective performances and there is an emphasis on strategy and devolved responsibility to line management (Storey 1996). At Lynemouth, there were rules and guidelines set for the team leaders and employees worked according to shifts, and pay was not performance related. Read more:  Personnel vs Human Resources Although these values point towards personnel management (Sisson 1994), Lynemouth also inculcates HRM values. Despite each plant having specialist staff that kept the plant within its operating limits, team leaders worked as line managers (Storey 1996) and were responsible for the coordination and scheduling of work. Also there are few job categories and teamwork is preferred to division of labour (Storey 1995). There is a great deal of task flexibility (Sisson 1994) in the teams, and in 2000 they were given greater autonomy. Boxall Purcell (2003) states that HRM can be interpreted as having a soft developmental humanist approach or a hard situational contingent approach. The soft version emphasizes a people-centred approach to HRM, whereas the hard version emphasizes a resource-based approach (Thornhill Saunders 1998). Although the organisation appears to be soft with the implementation of teams, they can be viewed as being hard economically, as the organisation aims were resource focused, there appeared to be low trust between employees, and there was also functional flexibility within the teams (Kane et al. 1999). Responsibility for hiring new staff, and for assessing applications for internal transfers, were devolved to shop-floor workers, thus making them more flexible. A hard approach is often seen as an essential part of cost-minimization strategy (Kane et al. 1999), which appears to be the situation at Lynemouth. TEAM EFFECTIVENSS THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION: A team is a work group or a unit with a common purpose through which members develop mutual relationships for the achievement of goals/tasks (Harris Harris 1996). Vyakarnam et al (1999) states that a number of studies have confirmed that successful ventures are often established by teams rather than a single person, and the core competence of a successful team is to build and manage relationships around a common vision. The management team at Lynemouth havent clearly described the team goals or each individuals specific task. It is essential that the first step in creating a team is to define the goal or goals that create the direction for the new group (Twomey Kleiner 1996; Arroba 1996). Harris Harris (1996) explain that teams are successful and effective when they overcome difficulties, achieved through interdependence. Teams also promote a sense of confidence and direction among the team members and helps becoming more flexible in nature (Arroba 1996). Among shop-floor workers at Lynemouth with regard to satisfaction and commitment, there was a greater sense of autonomy and participation. With regard to work organisation, there was an increase in multi-skilling, and there were clear examples of improved flexibility. For example, team members would work a crane as required, rather than waiting for a dedicated crane driver. The major difference between successful teamwork and unsuccessful teamwork is largely based upon team members sharing common goals and working together to achieve them (Tarricone Luca 2002). They also state that ineffective communication, lack of resources and lack of trust are the key attributes that hinder the effectiveness of a team. At Lynemouth, the workers were clear that the divide between manager and worker was as sharp as ever and that the enforcement of discipline was not part of the teams duties. There appeared to be low trust between them, and also communication with regard to specific tasks seems to be lacking. It is also advisable to establish a sense of urgency so that the teams dont get complacent (Twomey Kleiner 1996). Ritchie Martin (2001) states that money and tangible rewards, the physical conditions and the structure are the three key factors motivating people in a working environment. Although teamwork was favourable from a shop-floor point of view, middle managers and technical staff had reservations about teamwork, feeling undervalued and lacking determination. Macaulay Cook (2001) states that rewards and recognition processes help to focus attention on priorities, thus motivating individuals. Group leaders felt that the work they were being given was not sufficiently demanding, and technical staff felt that that their job territory was under threat. There seems to be a need for rules and guidelines in the work place, for direction and certainty (Ritchie Martin 2001). Thompson (2004) concludes that people could be motivated further and made more effective if they were given appropriate encouragement and attention. COMMUNICATION CULTURE: According to Connolly (1996) communication is a critical issue and everyone wants better communication within their team, between teams and across their organization. Employee communication should play a strategic role in an organization to work effectively (Barrett 2002). In the early 1990s there was a wide perception at Lynemouth that communication was poor, and the climate of employee relations could be characterized as suspicious and mistrustful. Barrett (2002) also emphasizes that without effective employee communication, change is impossible, and in 1997 with Lynemoths future in doubt, the management realized the importance of communication and set about to win employee consent by reforming the communication system. With regard to this, teamwork was introduced with the cooperation of the plants trade unions, which encouraged further development in employee relations. However, with the success of teamwork, white-collar staff felt undervalued. Peng Litteljohn (2001) asserts that structural arrangements may facilitate communication on the one hand, and create barriers for communication on the other. Group leaders felt that their status and authority were being eroded, and technical staff felt that their job territory was under threat, and changes were made without consulting the people involved, and there was a feeling that the appraisal system was not adequate, as the management did not seem to listen. Connolly (1996) states that to enhance communication, both the employer and the employee should realize the importance of effective communication. The author concludes by saying that perhaps the most effective ways of improving communication are also the simplest taking the time to really notice the employees, listening to how they speak and more importantly to what they say. The management could create a system where employees are rewarded for their good work, as Storey (1995) states that the way in which employees are rewarded is central to the regulation of employment relationship. Handy (1986) states that every organization is different, and each organization has a different culture sets of values and norms and beliefs. In 1990, many workers had been with the plant since it opened, and labour turnover was low. Majority of the workers were male, with few women being employed in clerical posts. There is a close and sometimes unclear relationship between organisational culture and its climate (Wallace, J et al. 1999). Although the climate of employee relations could be characterised as suspicious and mistrustful at Lynemouth, work organisation was considered to be fairly conventional. Handy (1986) argues that if organizations are to survive and meaningful jobs are to be created for all those who want to work, then both organizations and individuals will have to change the way they perceive jobs and careers. He also states that fewer, better-motivated people could create much more added value than large groups of unthinking, demotivated individuals. Lynemouth, with the introduction of teamworking could be seen as incorporating these values. However, the management at Lynemouth should create meaningful jobs for all employees. The structure of Lynemouths employees could be characterized under senior managers, middle managers and workers. Handy (1986) argues that organizations are not owned by anyone, but are a community of people who could be called citizens of the community rather than employees. Ogbor (2001) asserts that organisational culture should discourage dysfunctional work behaviours, and commit members of the organization to do things for and with one another that are in the best interests of the organization. LEADERSHIP QUALITIES: The American general, Dwight Eisenhower, once said that the essence of leadership is to make people do what you want them to with as much will, determination and enthusiasm as if they had decided for themselves (Popper Zakkai 1994). Cacioppe (1997) suggests that recent reviews of the research and theories on leadership have consolidated the key areas of leadership into personality, transactional and transformational forms of leadership. He also states that honesty, inspiration, competent, fair-mindedness and supportiveness are the characteristics that people most admire in leaders, where as Tait (1996) suggests that vision, interpersonal skills, character and drive are the four attributes considered to be necessary personality traits for business leadership. Transactional leadership is based on the interplay between the leaders guidance or direction and socio-emotional support, and the readiness or developmental level that followers exhibit on a particular task, function, or objective (Avery and Ryan 2002). The third major approach is the Transformational leadership which communicates a vision that inspires and motivates people to achieve something extraordinary (Cacioppe 1997). Transactional leadership remains highly popular among practitioners and it could be applied at Lynemouth. It appeals to managers because of its intuitive simplicity, ease of use, and perceived relevance to managerial roles (Avery and Ryan 2002). In 2000, with the end of direct supervision, management appointed team leaders from existing team members, following a formal application procedure. Team leaders were made responsible for team briefing and the coordination and scheduling of work, and they did receive an additional weekly allowance of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100. The management at Lynemouth could also try to incorporate the transformational leadership values by providing every individual and team with a vision and also motivating them, thus improving leadership effectiveness at the team levels (Cacioppe 1996). Silverthorne (2000) believes that the readiness and willingness of subordinates to perform tasks are the important aspects that contribute to a leaders effectiveness. CONCLUSION: This assignment investigated the current HRM principles being used within the organisation. A few key points in improving the effectiveness of an organisation are effective teams, effective communication between the teams and good leadership skills. Lynemouth could improve the effectiveness of their organisation by motivating each individual, improving the communication between the employers and the management, and also by providing individual, team and organisational goals for the leaders to follow. REFERENCE: Armstrong, M 2000, The name has changed but has the game remained the same?, Journal of Employee Relations, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 576-593. Arroba, T 1996, Why are common objectives so uncommon in top management teams?, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 2, no. 1, pp 17-21. Avery, G.C Ryan, J 2002, Applying situational leadership in Australia, The Journal of Management Development, vol. 21, no. 4, pp 242-262. Barrett, D.J 2002, Change communication: using strategic employee communication to facilitate major change, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp 219-234. Boxall, P Purcell, J 2003, Strategy and Human Resource Management, Palgrave, New York. Cacioppe, R 1997, Leadership moment by moment!, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 18, no. 7, pp 335-345. Connolly, C 1996, Communication: getting to the heart of the matter, Journal of Management Development Review, vol. 9, no. 7, pp 37-40. Handy, C.B 1976, Understanding Organisations, Penguin Group, London. Harris, P.R Harris, K.G 1996, Managing effectively through teams, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 2, no. 3, pp 23-36. Kane, B et al. 1999, Barriers to effective HRM, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 20, no. 8, pp 494-516. Macaulay, S Cook, S 2001, Rewarding Service Success, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 5, no. 1, pp 4-8. Ogbor, J.O 2001, Critical theory and the hegemony of corporate culture, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 14, no. 6, pp 590-638. Peng, W Litteljohn, D 2001, Organisational communication and strategy implementation a primary inquiry, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 13, no. 7, pp 360-363. Popper, M Zakkai, E 1994, Transactional, Charismatic and Transformational Leadership: Conditions Conducive to their Predominance, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 15, no. 6, pp 3-7. Silverthorne, C 2000, Situational leadership theory in Taiwan: a different culture perspective, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, pp 68-74. Sisson, K 1994, Personnel Management A comprehensive guide to Theory and Practice in Britain, 2nd edn, Blackwell, Oxford. Storey, J 1995, Human Resource Management A critical text, Thomson, London. Storey, J 1995, Is HRM catching on?, International Journal of Manpower, vol. 16, no. 4, pp 3-10. Storey, J 1996, Blackwell cases in Human Resource and Change Management, Blackwell, Oxford. Tait, R 1996, The attributes of leadership, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, vol 17, no. 1, pp27-31. Tarricone, P Luca, J 2002, Employees, teamwork and social interdependence a formula for successful business?, Journal of Team Performance Management, vol. 8, no. 3, pp 54-59. Thompson, J. L 2004, Innovation through people, Journal of Management Decision, vol. 42, no. 9, pp 1082-1094. Thornhill, A Saunders, M.N.K 1998, What if line managers dont realize theyre responsible for HR?, Personnel Review Journal, vol. 12, no. 6, pp 460-476. Twomey, K Kleiner, B.H 1996, Teamwork: The essence of the successful organisation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp 6-8. Vyakarnam, S et al. 1999, Exploring the formation of entrepreneurial teams: the key to rapid growth business?, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 6, no. 2, pp 153-165. Wallace, J 1999, The relationship between organisational culture, organisational climate and managerial values, International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 12, no. 7, pp 548-564.

Free Essay: Formalistic Approach to Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer

Formalistic Approach to Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand Young Goodman Brown fully the reader must analyze the story using the formalistic approach.   In class we described the formalistic approach as using allegory, historical background, allusion, and symbolism to interpret a work.   When using these methods of interpretation, the story became clearer to me because I understood some of the historical background that the story was based on, as well as what some of the symbols meant, that I had previously been unaware.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"In allegory (a narrative containing a meaning beneath the surface one), there is usually a one-to-one relationship; that is one idea or object in the narrative stands for only one idea or object allegorically†(p.59).   In Young Goodman Brown the allegory lies in the main character’s desire to walk down the evil path for a little while just to see what it is like, then come back to the good life.   He plans to do this by walking with the man in the forest and then coming back to Faith, his wife, who personifies his faith.   The tricky part about encountering evil is that one must veer from faith, again this is allegorical to his wife and his having to leave her that one night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historical background to this story helps to clarify why this story is significant and why some things happen during the tale. The Puritans believe in Predestination.   I learned in American history that Predestination was the belief that certain people were destined to go to heaven while the others were destined for a place much less comfortable.   The basis for whom went was up to God and it didn’t reflect on how righteous the person appeared to be on the outside.   This becomes important in Young Goodman Brown because when he hears of and sees people that he believed were good people following the devil, he begins to doubt that anything is good.   Another Puritan practice was to name their children after traits that they found to be admirable such as Faith, Patience, or Young Goodman Brown in hopes that that virtue would stay with them and be prevalent in their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of allusion is also apparent in Young Goodman Brown.   The main character’s wife is named Faith.   This is an allusion to his own faith.   For example, Mr. Brown loses Faith when he goes into the dark woods with the spooky guy that walks with a serpent-staff. Free Essay: Formalistic Approach to Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer Formalistic Approach to Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚  Ã‚   To understand Young Goodman Brown fully the reader must analyze the story using the formalistic approach.   In class we described the formalistic approach as using allegory, historical background, allusion, and symbolism to interpret a work.   When using these methods of interpretation, the story became clearer to me because I understood some of the historical background that the story was based on, as well as what some of the symbols meant, that I had previously been unaware.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"In allegory (a narrative containing a meaning beneath the surface one), there is usually a one-to-one relationship; that is one idea or object in the narrative stands for only one idea or object allegorically†(p.59).   In Young Goodman Brown the allegory lies in the main character’s desire to walk down the evil path for a little while just to see what it is like, then come back to the good life.   He plans to do this by walking with the man in the forest and then coming back to Faith, his wife, who personifies his faith.   The tricky part about encountering evil is that one must veer from faith, again this is allegorical to his wife and his having to leave her that one night.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historical background to this story helps to clarify why this story is significant and why some things happen during the tale. The Puritans believe in Predestination.   I learned in American history that Predestination was the belief that certain people were destined to go to heaven while the others were destined for a place much less comfortable.   The basis for whom went was up to God and it didn’t reflect on how righteous the person appeared to be on the outside.   This becomes important in Young Goodman Brown because when he hears of and sees people that he believed were good people following the devil, he begins to doubt that anything is good.   Another Puritan practice was to name their children after traits that they found to be admirable such as Faith, Patience, or Young Goodman Brown in hopes that that virtue would stay with them and be prevalent in their lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of allusion is also apparent in Young Goodman Brown.   The main character’s wife is named Faith.   This is an allusion to his own faith.   For example, Mr. Brown loses Faith when he goes into the dark woods with the spooky guy that walks with a serpent-staff.

Character & story Essay

Character do counts. It is the foundation of our personality; hence, it portrays our inner self, and represents our whole identity. We are judged according to what we represent and what we shows. We are respected based on what we intend to be seen by others. Character do counts; because it is the basis of how we decide and how we pursue life. 2. Being ethical is important because it is a moral obligation which is important not only for ourselves, but for the entire population. We are bound to do things that will not harm every life, therefore, being ethical, is also being a person that is morally respected. 3. First in the â€Å"Six Pillar of Character† of Josephson is trustworthiness. (8) This pertains to one’s credibility through honesty. It is not just important to be honest with the other people, but also to be honest with yourself. To acquire trust form others, trust within oneself should be first recognized by himself. Holding and keeping promises creates a higher level of being trusted and credible. Trustworthiness is a character that summarizes your being as a person. Second is respect. (10) One of the most important character one should have is respect. Respect is usually is not earned but learned rather. â€Å"Learn to respect yourself before someone respects you†, which is true at all times. People will judge you according to what you intend to show them of who and what you are. It is not the question of who will respect you, but it’s how you respect yourself. Third is responsibility. (5) As a person bounded in the realm of the society, we are born with different kinds of responsibility attached to us. Therefore, we have responsibility to our family, in the society and in the country, and into every aspect that we live for. We are also accountable for our actions. It should be remembered that every steps and actions we make, are part of our responsibilities as a person. Fourth is fairness. (7) In a world full of inequality and injustice, we are expected to correct all these mistakes. Fairness in every action reflects what kind of person we are and how we are brought up. Fifth and sixth is caring (10) and citizenship (8). These two pertains to our attitude to a bigger context. It involves the practice of mentioned characters, as this is the application of what we have learned. Responsibility and being fair needs improvement in my part. Learning by internalizing will help improve myself. 4. Decision making is crucial when we do not understand the consequences that would result from a simple action. It is important to recognize the core foundations of a good decision; first is that we have the will and power what we do and what we say, and second is that we have are aware for the responsibility in such actions. To have an ethical and effective decision, there are several components in good choices. By looking in the options seriously, which means analyzing and evaluating first the options, we are close to a good decision. Recognizing important decisions from minor decisions should also be noticed to avoid mixing the level of importance. Good decision also requires discipline. To be able to make right decisions, we have to control ourselves to what we want and to what is right and just for all. Everyone in the cycle should be considered in taking decisions so that to lessen unlikely outcomes. 5. For example, Jake is a self-supporting student ever since he entered college. He survived for the last three and a half of his years in school through scholarships and doing part time jobs. But unfortunately, at his last semester in the school, he was not able to renew his scholarship due to his failing grade in a subject. Without having a scholarship, it will be difficult for him to pursue his studies, but he still has his part time job. Given these facts, he has to work double or trice to fully support his self; therefore, he needs to decrease the units that he will register on the coming semester to give way to his job. BUT, he is a graduating student on that semester. In doing so, he will be delayed in his graduation. The question is whether he should work full time or to register but to suffer the consequences, since he is financially unstable. Applying the Seven-Step Path to Better Decisions, Jake should first a lot several days for himself to think and make realizations. This will prevent rash decisions and late regrets. Then after that, Jake has to clarify what are his primary goals and objectives. Through this, it will be clear to what path he should be. After that, he should be able to recognize the facts that exist, like the fact of his financial instability. Right after that, he should think another ways and options depending on his primary goal. If it’s his graduation, then, he should think for another scholarship. Fifth, is to consider options. This should be filtered according to six pillars of characters. He has to do what he think is right for himself and for everybody. Sixth is to choose the best possible option. He should can for the advice of his friends or family so that the decision would not be bias to his self. Last is to monitor and modify, which means, still, evaluate the decision he have made. 6. Its all for a good cause. Good example of this is cheating in a basketball game; hurting opponents to win the championship for the benefit of the school. At the end, its still for the â€Å"goodness of everyone† as stated. It’s just part of the job. Basketball–intentionally pushing an opponent to get the ball. If its necessary, its ethical! Volleyball. Just to gain the fame and fund of the school, they have to win the game. On its last serve, its against your side; the opponent has successfully reached your court, but you’re the only one to see if its in! And since it’s necessary, you just claimed that it is out! 7. Its when I chose not to speak when my teacher in my grade school subject about the cheating arrangement of my classmates during our exam. It so happen that they are also my friends that’s why I didn’t mentioned a single thing. As a result, my name became involved that resulted to suspension for three days. 8. It’s when I decided to join a volunteer group before to deliver goods in an area affected by a calamity, and that the same day, I have a class to attend to, which I didn’t. As a result, I was overwhelmed by the response of the people on that particular area, and became one of my most treasured moments. 9. Happiness is simply doing what you most wanted, not only on a single benefit, but for all you love. It is achieving the core of wants and what you love. Happiness for your self is incomparable to the happiness that you will feel when you can see that this happiness is not just meant for your self, but rather being happy for someone. I want to be a person that sees happiness as the primary objective in the cycle of human emotions; a person that will be happy for someone in no matter what.

Paul Levy Essay

How would you describe the situation Levy inherited at the BIDMC? What challenges did he face? Why did previous turnaround efforts fail? (4 points) Two unique corporate cultures, Beth Israel Hospital and Deaconess Hospital merged in 1996 to become Beth Israel Deaconess (BID). To compete with Partners, BID and a few other hospitals combined forces and formed Care Group Systems (CGS). Lacking leadership commitment, BID was in chaos and consistently posted operating losses in millions of dollars per year. Additionally, although advised on numerous occasions, BID was inept in implementing restructuring plans and consequently had excessive employee turnover, which resulted in poor patient care. Succinct and expert advice to reorganize BID was never implemented. Although BID would agree to change, execution was postponed or disregarded due to the myriad level of management and bureaucratic processes within each department, which appeared to function independently of one another. Unable to move forward, management was locked in mental prisons. Groupthink was common practice for making essential business decisions, which resulted in escalation of commitment in continuing past practices and refusal to accept recommended changes. BID could be referred to as egocentric as the organization maintained the status quo. As President and CEO, Levy was expected to create a rapid turnaround of the deteriorating financial condition of the hospital. He was also expected to stop the several year trend of flawed implementation of restructuring recommendations. Furthermore, he was working under intense scrutiny and pressure from many officials, including the Attorney General’s Office of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the BID Board of Directors (BOD) and the Board of Directors of the BID parent company, CGS. How did Levy get started in his new job? What were his objectives and what did he accomplish 1) prior to his first day of work? 2) on his first day? 3) during his first week? (4 points) Before Levy accepted the position, he made conditions for his employment. These conditions included that he be hired before the Hunter Group Report was released, that the BOD be considerably reduced in size and that the BOD stay out of the day-to-day operations of the hospital. Even as he talked to the search team, he knew the responsibilities and his own abilities. Levy wanted to be hired prior to the Hunter report so that he could use the report in ways that he thought would be best. The second condition was to shrink the BOD from a 44-member group to a more-manageable group of 18 members, which was accomplished just a few months after Levy’s appointment as CEO. The third condition of employment, that the BOD remain out of the day-to-day operations, showed that he believed in a chain of command. Levy clearly communicated any meeting between board members and staff required prior approval. On his first day, he sent every employee of the hospital a memo that included: †¢ A promise of an open administration †¢ A warning that the hospital had been given this one last chance for a turnaround †¢ A promise to post the findings and recommendations of the Hunter Consulting Group †¢ Encouragement to employees to read and make comments regarding the report †¢ A promise that changes would be implemented and measured †¢ Warning of an unavoidable elimination of several hundred staff positions in the hospital †¢ A promise that the staff reductions would be carried out as humanely possible and people would be treated with dignity and respect †¢ His expectation of successful turnaround of BID because of the employees, their commitment, their strong sense of teamwork, and their ability to succeed In his message, Levy also conveyed that: †¢ He considered all staff (not just key players) to be team members †¢ All team members must share a common goal of carrying out the mission †¢ There is a sense of urgency †¢ The Attorney General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts had legitimate authority and control over the future of BID †¢ Staff would be held  accountable for their actions †¢ Levy would be open, honest and inclusive with information, even in the case of bad news †¢ High quality care was essential to BID’s future †¢ Together, the BID team could show the world success Levy created a sense of reality for employees whom previously had been told half-truths, lies or nothing about the serious nature of BID’s problems. In doing so, Levy gained â€Å"buy-in† from employees grateful that problems were being clearly identified by effective leadership. Also on his first day, Levy shared his message with local news agencies, which accomplished among other things letting the community know that he considered â€Å"buy-in† from the staff critical to success. According to his daily calendar, Levy spent much of his first week meeting with BID staff. What (if anything) was distinctive about the way Levy went about formulating, announcing and implementing the recovery plan? How did he overcome resistance? (3 points) Levy’s practice of speaking with staff likely induced his ability to gather as much information as possible regarding the current mood and culture. This information was needed to develop and implement a plan. Initially, his recovery plan had to include huge cost-saving initiatives. He had already set the stage for a massive lay-off by posting the Hunter Report for all employees to read. Therefore, it was relatively easy for him to fire/permanently lay-off 150 people by the end of the month. After all, he was only doing what the experts recommended. Who could argue with that? At the same time, purchasing controls were implemented in an effort to reduce costs. The next week, he rolled out additional strategic efforts. His plan was three-fold: regain a reputation for quality patient care and maintain an academic status; adopt some of the recommendations of the Hunter Group Report, implementing change; and, analyze why previous restructure plans failed and why this new one would work. Another of Levy’s implementation  plans was to promise low and deliver high. In other words, he knew the importance of meeting deadlines and plans by being conservative and not over-estimating. This practice is often referred to as â€Å"sand-bagging† and believed to be a useful tool. Levy’s intent was not to be deceitful; rather, it is a way of keeping forward momentum by delivering good news. How did Levy tackle the problem of the BIDMC’s â€Å"curious inability to decide?† (3 points) It was not until Levy came in and talked with the doctors and staff, really listening to each other’s problems and concerns that change could happen. Levy realized that the culture of BID played a significant role in the organization. People reacted and performed their jobs considering how they had performed their jobs in the past. The current structure and hierarchy defined who the chiefs were and the importance of their roles. They were caught up in this psychic prison. Levy had to help them overcome it by making sure they realized that they were not wrong and that they just needed to be open to change. Levy tried to get to the underside of the human emotions for these chiefs and let them see the benefit of changes. He made sure to give credit but also expected results and acceptance of the new strategic plan. While there is no indication as to which personnel were fired/laid-off, it was clear to the remaining staff that Levy was in charge and that â€Å"slackers† wou ld not be tolerated. This is a powerful motivator (albeit via fear) to eliminate resistance. Also prior to Levy, it seemed that committee meetings often resulted in groupthink. Levy knew that the chiefs were usually involved in those meetings, and that there was now a tremendous need to see results from those meetings. In the past, no one spoke up at meetings. Many participants kept quiet instead of actually saying what they thought. Staff members were afraid to rock the boat. Once Levy came on board, many decisions and changes were implemented via steering committees instead of from the chiefs. This was a significant change in the hierarchical structure. No longer did all decisions and ideas come straight down from the boss in the tower. This change allowed staff members to get involved and present ideas. Ultimately,  it would be staff members whom had a key role in the implementation of turnaround plans. This â€Å"empowerment† of the staff led them to have less resistance toward change. In describing his leadership style, Levy speaks of the CEO as teacher. How has he defined that role? Why has he chosen to focus on it? What skills does it require? (3 points) Levy’s leadership style is a strategic facilitator, through developing employee ownership by illuminating the nature of the problem and seeking their involvement in finding solutions. Levy believed it essential to build a core management team that is in accord with the plan, mission and values and who are willing to assume risk in embracing change. The CEO role is to support the management team and remove those who are obstructionists. The byproduct is improved decision-making and accountability. He uses peer pressure as an accountability tool so there is public acknowledgment of responsibility for specific tasks. By redirecting comments from naysayers, Levy places the onus on others to provide a solution for problems. Additionally, Levy understands the dynamics of each meeting and what can and cannot be accomplished in each. Levy used a human resources view in assessing various situations. He leveraged this framework while making a majority of his decisions. He valued feedback from his employees and kept them abreast of pertinent information, which resulted in efficient and satisfied employees. Levy accomplished this literally by roaming the hospital with the intent on knowing the staff in person. He would engage in conversations seeking suggestions for change in their occupational area and reassured skeptics that his plan for change would be successful. Levy’s efforts to include everyone in the day-to-day progress as well as helping employees find answers to their problems, made the work more satisfying to his employees. What did members of your team learn from completing this case? How might members of your team use this information in their current or  future jobs?

An investigation in to the effect of temperature on the release of pigment from beetroot tissue Essay Example

An investigation in to the effect of temperature on the release of pigment from beetroot tissue Essay Example An investigation in to the effect of temperature on the release of pigment from beetroot tissue Essay An investigation in to the effect of temperature on the release of pigment from beetroot tissue Essay I think that the increase of the temperature on the beetroot will affect the diffusion of the colour dye in the beetroot. The colour dye is held together by the membrane structure and this maintains the red rich colour in the beetroot. I believe that with the increase of temperature applied onto the plasma membrane, the structure of the membrane will become damaged and the membranes of the protein will eventually denature. Scientists know that cell membrane have the following general characteristics: -* 40% Lipid* 0 10% carbohydrate (as prosthetic groups)* 50 60% protein.You can see from above that proteins are major constituents of membranes. In membranes there are intrinsic and extrinsic proteins.Intrinsic membrane proteins pass through the lipid layers. They have a variety of functions; one of them is assisting the transportation of molecules through the membrane. These proteins have both an extra and intracellular part. Extrinsic membrane proteins are embedded in the outer laye r. They can often act as chemical receptors for the cells.The majority of the proteins in the membranes are globular. This will mean that the 3 dimensional shape of the structured protein held together by the hydrogen bonds can eventually be broken if high enough temperatures are applied onto them this is called denaturisation of proteins. I am working specifically on beetroot, it is known that proteins in plants are more likely to withstand higher temperatures and therefore denature at a higher temperature. So I would expect for the proteins in beetroot to denature at about around 50 degrees Celsius. Once the proteins are denatured they are no longer able to maintain the precise shape and carry out the functions. This will mean that the denatured proteins can possibly cause holes in the membranes.I will also take into account that lipids can also become liquids if high temperatures are applied onto them. This will also have an effect on the overall function of the plasma membrane and cause ruptures in the membrane(s).Having explained the effects temperature may have on the membrane proteins and lipids, I must also take into account the proteins that are present in the cytoplasm of the beetroot cells, where the red sap is also held together in the cytoplasm. These proteins can also be denatured when high enough temperatures are applied onto them. This could also have an effect on the release of red pigment. If part of the cells cytoplasm is disrupted (the proteins being denatured), it can possibly contribute to further release of the red pigment out of cells. This is because the red sap (pigment) will not be held together as well inside the cytoplasm as it otherwise will be if higher temperatures are not applied and the proteins are not affected.I have considered the structural components of the membranes that may be affected due to the increase of temperature; there is an external factor to consider. This factor is the increase of kinetic energy that will ce rtainly be present where there is an increase of temperature. The increase of kinetic energy is going to effect the rate the red pigment leaves the cells through the membranes. As the input of kinetic energy increases, the particles move even faster, so the particles of the red pigment will move faster out of the cells.I predict that as the increase of temperature is applied, there will also be an increase in the release of red pigment out of the beetroot cells. I predict this because the increase of kinetic energy will inevitably speed up the diffusion rate of the red pigment, therefore there will be more release of red pigment out of cells. I predict this to be the main cause of any increase of release of red pigment at the start of the application of temperatures (i.e. from 10 to about 40 degrees Celsius). From above about 40 -50 degrees Celsius, I believe that the damaged structure of the membrane and the denatured proteins of the cytoplasm will also have a part on the increase of the release of red pigment out of the cells. Soon as it hits the approximate 40 -50 degrees Celsius mark, I believe that the denaturing proteins will cause the membrane to be more permeable. Later on as the temperature increases to about 60 -70 degrees Celsius the lipids will also cause ruptures in the membranes. This will cause the membrane to be more permeable and the release of pigment will increase, along with the additional increase of kinetic energy also contributing to the cause of the further release of red pigment. And presumably at the higher temperatures the completely denatured proteins will be causing bigger holes will also contribute to the further release of red pigment due to the membranes increasing permeability.Safety Aspects of the investigationBefore I start the experiment I am going to note down the safety precautions that I will take.* I will use safety goggles throughout the experiment so that any hot fluids or beetroot juice will not go into my eyes, as th is may cause harm or distraction especially whilst handling apparatus.* I will take extreme care whilst handling with glass and hot substances by using tweezers whilst transferring test tubes to and from water baths. I will bring test tube holders towards the area near the water bath to provide a short distance between the hot test tubes and the test tube holder for safe transfers.Having to share water baths, I will not perform tests on particular water baths, where there are already seven people doing investigations. This is to prevent any accidents from occurring.Apparatus* 15 test tubes* Colorimeter* Ruler* Thermometers* Stop Clocks* Water baths* Beetroot* Test tube holder* Small beakers* Water* Safety goggles* Cork borer* Tweezers* White tile* CuretteMethod (Introduction)I will be applying different temperature ranges on beetroot pieces to test if the increase of temperature does have an effect on the release of anthocyanin. I will be using a colorimeter to measure the amount of light absorption from substances taken from which beetroot pieces have been left under controlled conditions in the water baths.In this experiment the temperature is the independent variable and the amount of the colour that diffuses out from the beetroot cells into a test fluid is the dependent variable.Before planning the investigation in greater detail I would like to note down some points to make the idea behind the experiment as fair as possible. The points are written below in the Fair Test section.Fair testTo make the investigation as fair as possible I will:* Use both the same beetroot sizes for every test that I will perform.* Put the same amount of beetroot pieces for each test I will perform.* Use the same amount of water for each test, where the beetroot pieces will be submerging in.This will mean that I will not be testing, how the increase of water effects the diffusion rate of red pigment, and will not be making the water an independent variable. It will only simply be a fluid to help test the independent variable that is the increase of temperature.* The same applies with using the same fluid (water) for the beetroot(s) to submerge in. As scientists have discovered, temperature is not the only factor that can affect membrane structure, it can also be solvents and their pH. With water the substance is neither acidic nor alkali, it is a neutral pH 7, it will not be made an independent variable as it will not affect the membrane structure, and the release of red pigment. What the affects of pH, whether being too acidic or alkaline is that it can break bonds of proteins and denature them.* I will make sure that each test I will perform will have the same amount of time spent in the water bath (e.g. 5 min) by using a stop clock to measure the time.I will keep the distance when testing each test fluid using a colorimeter as short as possible. These points are to ensure that substantial amount of extra time are not given to other test fluids other t hat the first of the same temperature range. This is because, if extra is given, the hot test fluids are given a chance for their particles (of red pigment) to diffuse either further out of cells or within the fluid more than others due to the kinetic energy likely be present.Method (in greater detail)I am going to use 5 different temperature ranges. I have chosen to use 10 C, 30, 50 C, 70 C and 90 C. I have decided to use these temperature ranges to give me valid and reliable enough results to analyse and draw conclusions from, using the time available and equipment available.I did not choose O C or any lower than 10 C because I will have to use ice which may lead to damaging effects. I say this because the cold temperatures can lead to the burst of the membranes of the beetroot cells, which will destroy the idea of the investigation.I chose the 20 C difference between each temperature range mainly because it will enable me to investigate the effects of higher temperatures that I h ave proposed to do with my highest temperature being at 90 C. This is at all times considering the limited time and equipment available. I especially needed the temperatures ranges to be at least over 50 C 80 C, to conclude whether the denaturing of proteins and the liquification or lipids had an effect of an increase of release of red pigment or not.I will need to set the water baths at my set temperature range. I will perform three tests for each temperature range; therefore I will need 15 beetroot pieces and 3 test tubes. I have decided to conduct three tests for each temperature range to enable me to get a mean of 3 readings. I feel this will help me get a more accurate result for each temperature range. This is because, with only one reading or two readings, the readings could have been achieved or affected by other factors, and not achieved solely due to my independent variable the increase of temperature. With three readings and getting a mean, it will be more believable to conclude that the results are evened out, and can also possibly prevent from getting anomalous results.Before I can actually start my investigation, I will obviously need to cut all my 15 beetroot pieces at the beginning of the practical investigation being the organised and less distracting way to do so. I will use a cork borer to cut uniform cylinders. I have decided to cut the beetroot pieces from sideways on. This will enable me to gain more pieces than using other ways. I will cut the beetroot pieces by placing the beetroot onto 10 cm white tile, whilst holding the beetroot down and cutting uniform cylinders using the cork borer. This is much safer, as it holds the beetroot firm into position. It also helps to ensure that the cut pieces are cut accurately and precisely.I will also need to set the test tubes containing water to be at the correct temperatures using the water baths for the beetroot pieces to submerge in. I will prepare 15 test tubes with 10cm water in each of the m to make it fair. I will leave the test tubes onto test tube holders, whilst filling different test tubes with water. Once I have filled the test tubes with the correct amount water I will distribute them onto the inside of the water baths, 3 test tubes in each water bath of a proposed particular range. This is with the exception of the 30 degrees Celsius tube, where I will simply be putting test tubes in a rack as room temperature is at around 30 degrees Celsius (27 C). I will have to wait for almost all of my temperature ranges to reach to its required temperature to enable me to perform the tests.I have decided to put two 1/2 cm pieces of beetroot in each test tube. This will mean that I will have to cut 30 pieces of beetroot altogether of 1/2 cm size in length. The reason behind putting two beetroot pieces in each test is that I feel it would increase the surface area that it will come in contact with the heat water, so diffusion rates of the red pigment will occur more effect ively in the limited time available.When the water baths meet the required temperature ranges, measured using thermometers, I will start to perform the tests. However due to the fact that I am working alone, I am only able to perform tests for a particular temperature range at a time, for example I am not able to let tests carry on for both 30 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius, although they would be at different water baths. This is because I want to make the investigation as fair as possible to ensure careful monitoring of the stop clocks so the tests will not exceed the set and allowed time for them to be inside the water baths.To perform the tests I will need to submerge the beetroot pieces by using 10 cm of water contained in each test tube for each test. I have chosen no less than 10 cm because I believe that to get enough diffusion rates happening, that particular amount of water is suited for the limited time available to perform the investigation. I will time the test tubes to be in the water baths for the beetroot pieces to submerge in for 5 minutes. I feel 5 minutes is valid enough for sufficient diffusion to occur. And that if any more time is given, especially with the higher temperature ranges (i.e. 90) could possibly exceed the colorimeter readings due to the possible high intensity of light absorption. I will use a stop clock to time the 5 minutes. After performing the tests of a particular temperature range, I will use a colorimeter to measure the amount of light absorption obtained from test fluids of each test (liquid substance in the test tube).To measure the amount of red pigment that has been released out of the cells and onto the water, I will need to use a colorimeter. I will actually not be directly testing the amount of release of red pigment; I will really be testing the amount of light absorption obtained through the test fluids. I will actually need to produce a blank standard where water is placed into a curette as a control. I will first put the blank standard curette inside the colorimeter. It should set the colorimeter at 0 light absorption. This will ensure that the colorimeter machine functioning correctly. After finishing the control test, I will start measuring the amount of light absorption from the real test fluids. I will have to follow the same procedure as I had done with my blank standard control test, except of course that I will be expecting the readings of my real test fluids to be more than 0 light absorption as they will be real test fluids. I will have to follow exactly the same procedure for all of my to be 15 test fluids. I will of course note my results (the readings of the light absorption) from each test fluid.Note: There will be only be a limited amount of curettes available, so it essential for myself to rinse the curettes as clean as possible if they have been used for other tests so that they will not affect the readings of other test fluids. I will do this if necessary, duri ng the time I leave the test tubes with the beetroot pieces inside of the water baths. I will do this using the sink nearest to the particular water bath, as this way the stop clock will be of close distance. This way I will be able to monitor the amount of time the test tubes have been in the water baths as well as clean the curettes this saves valuable time that is limited.N.B. When I mentioned that I would do a blank standard curette as a control for the colorimeter before starting to test the real test fluids. I will do this each time before testing each set of test fluids for each particular temperature range. This is to ensure that the colorimeter has not been affected in any way, possibly from too much testing, and my planned procedure will ensure that the colorimeter is functioning properly, ready to obtain accurate results for each of my particular temperature range.ResultsResults tableColorimeter ReadingsTemperature1st2nd3rdMean Average10 C27 C0.110.110.120.1150 C72 C1.18 1.281.681.3890 CN.B. The colorimeter readings have all been rounded up to decimal places including the mean averages. This is fair and I can get enough accurate results by this.Modifications that I have made in my investigationUnfortunately it was not entirely possible for me to use all of my proposed temperature ranges for my tests. I have had to use the closest I could get of the planned temperature ranges in the time available for my investigation. For my proposed 10 C temperature range, I have used, with 30 C, I have used, with 50 C, I have used, with 70 C, and with 90 C I have used. This was mostly due to the basic water baths.Whilst actually cutting the beetroot pieces, I discovered that it was easier for me to cut out the pieces into the required length after having cut each cylinder. I had first cut the pieces into 1cm pieces, and then I cut the 1cm pieces into 1/2 cm pieces using a ruler to measure it.What I had also done is to perform the tests at a very high temperature r ange around the beginning of the investigation (i.e. 70 degrees Celsius for my second testing of temperature ranges). This was to check if it would exceed any colorimeter readings (too much of light absorption), if it had done so, there would be not point in carrying on with higher temperatures (i.e. such as 90 degrees Celsius) However the results did not exceed the colorimeter readings, I was able to carry out tests at the higher temperature range(s) as well as having valid results from the tests of the 70 degrees Celsius temperature range.There were other problems encountered, these were keeping the distances between the testing the curettes with the hot fluids onto the colorimeter as short as possible. This meant that the test fluid, say for example for 50 degrees Celsius, may have had 10 seconds of difference between the other test fluid of the same temperature range. This will mean extra diffusion may have occurred whilst being left with kinetic energy from the temperature incr ease, having further effect than the other test fluids both for the same temperature range and for the whole of the tests of the investigation.For the actual graph that I will plot for my analysis from the results I have obtained, it will be a graph plotted showing the amount of light absorption against temperature.I will probably most likely need to draw lines of deviation of my results for each temperature range. As I have said from above that there were problems that I had encountered which made the investigation to be not entirely fair. However to get round analysing results that should be considered reliable, I will not dismiss free standing results (other than the mean) to help draw accurate conclusions. The lines of deviation will furthermore be discussed in the analysis section.AnalysisOverall the graph and table of results does show a positive correlation between the increase of temperature and the increase of release of red pigment (increase in light absorption). Therefor e I believe my hypothesis is very correct. The crosses or dots of the graph can actually create the effect of a scatter graph. By this you can clearly see that the overall result to state of what would be a correlation, is that it is of a positive correlation. This is in terms of where the increase of heat (temperature is applied) onto the beetroot pieces, there is an increase in the release of red pigment.Although the start of the curve of best fit does not completely my theory given in the hypothesis. However I cannot miss the other freestanding results (readings) of tested from each of the different temperature ranges. This is the reason why I have plotted all of my readings onto the graph, also along with calculated mean averages of the readings. The curve of the best fit has been constructed through the plotting of the mean averages.To explain further of the importance in showing the deviation, I will draw combinations of what could have been the main collection of results, tha t are possibly reliable enough for analysis and drawing conclusions. Below is the table of results copied from the original table of results.Results tableColorimeter ReadingsTemperature1st2nd3rdMean Average24 C0.100.110.150.1230 C0.110.110.120.1139 C0.190.090.130.1456 C0.220.270.340.2760 C0.240.340.510.3672 C1.181.281.681.3878 C1.501.701.721.64Imagine if I had only taken one reading of each of the temperature range, the 1st of the colorimeter readings for all the 7 different temperature ranges are: 0.10, 0.11, 0.19, 0.22, 0.24, 1.18 and 1.50. This would have perfectly matched with my hypothesis. It could possibly be correct to say that my first recordings of each temperature range were actually the most accurate group of results due to the problems encountered.Analysis (the scientific background)I have agreed and the results seem to overall agree with my hypothesis, saying that as the increase of temperature has been applied, the release of red pigment increases. The higher the temp erature increase, the increase occurs of red pigment out of beetroot cells. Although I have anomalous results, I still believe that the strength of my other results can back me up.At first as the increase of temperature is applied, from 10 degrees Celsius to 30 degrees Celsius I would not expect any of the components of the membranes (lipids and proteins) to have become damaged or denature. This is because I believe that these temperatures are not high enough to damage or denature the proteins and/ or lipids. What I believe has caused the increase of red pigment is the increase of input of kinetic energy due to the increase of temperature(s) applied. This theory having already been explained in the hypothesis, where scientist know that there is an increase in kinetic energy there will also be an increase in diffusion rate of particles as they move faster (in this case with the particles of red pigment). As the red pigment particles move faster they are able to diffuse out of the mem brane at a faster rate, increasing more as the temperature increase due to more kinetic energy.However once the temperature reaches over 50 degrees Celsius I will need to take into account the factor in which proteins may be denaturing. There does seem to be a slight increase in the steepness of the curve of best fit, where it is over 50 degrees Celsius, which concludes that the increase in the input of kinetic energy is not the only factor behind the increase of release of red pigment. The proteins in the cytoplasm of the cells may also be denaturing. So far from looking at the graph there has been a steady positive increase in the correlation, however when it does start to reach the recordings (readings) of 70 degrees Celsius and 90 degrees Celsius, the curve of best fit starts to have a more steeper curve. This actually does show that membrane structure is certainly affected, and the increase of release of red pigment is not only due to the increase of input of kinetic energy.Aga in not forgetting the proteins of the cytoplasm should likely been affected too. I had not expected a steeper rise in the curve than what I had got off my graph of results at this particular stage (between 70 degrees Celsius and 90 degrees Celsius). This is because I strongly think that the components of the cell membrane have not been completely damaged. Although I do feel that the majority of the proteins have been denatured, there will still be the components of the proteins that are at or close to the membranes, which may still cause blockages of the holes. There is also the factor that lipids may not have been made into liquids at 70- 90 degrees Celsius. The lipids of the membrane(s) of beetroot cell(s) may still holding the structure of the membrane well.From this I can conclude at this high level of temperature that the membrane lipids and proteins (or the components that are left of them) are especially sensitive to any increase of temperature, as it has already collapsed an d deteriorated, they (or the components) are able to deteriorate even more.There is one thing that I have not mentioned, this is one of the components of cell structure or wall to be precise is cellulose. I do not think cellulose had been affected because it takes over 90 degrees Celsius for it to have any effect on dismembering the structure and hence the increase of release of red pigment.EvaluationThere were problems encountered, these problems was especially due to the hardship of keeping the variables under control. It was extremely hard to get the correct temperature range and to keep the distances from testing the test fluids using the colorimeter as short as possible. It was also quite difficult to find out whether the beetroot pieces were of the same mass or not. The problems are what I would call minor due to my circumstances.The different temperature ranges that I had used were due to the limited apparatus I had available. My classmates and myself had only 5 water baths t o share from. We had to all agree on using the temperature ranges that I had original planned for our investigations. Although the proposed temperatures did have a 20 degrees Celsius difference between them, I did manage to get a substantial amount of temperature difference between each temperature range.The main problems were not able to achieve the correct temperature ranges, however, tests were conducted under the same conditions. And with the problem of keeping the distances apart from testing the test fluids of the same particular temperature range, the actual test tubes were taken out of the water baths as prompt as possible between one another- with hardly any amount of extra time given. Although they may have been more delay whilst transferring and testing test fluids using the colorimeter, the actual test fluids are out of the heat of the water baths. To take note if extra time may have been given in between testing the test fluids using the colorimeter could have possibly been helpful. However it was recorded whether which ones were taken either, first, second or third, so comparisons and assessing reliability of the results can be drawn from there.Although, I did say that I did not entirely know if the mass of the beetroot pieces were entirely the same. It was of the same size, although not exactly of the same weight, the same amount of surface area did come into contact with the same amount of water and at the same amount of time given. Although I did not weigh the pieces to ensure that the mass were the same, the beetroot pieces were all cut using the same way through cutting sideways of the beetroot to obtain uniform cylinders- it was likely to have the same composition of cells. Though it was possible, altough rare that they would be exceptions, hence causing anomalous results. If I was to repeat the experiment again and start to consider weighing the pieces, I would have to use specialised weighing equipment. There would also be the problem of what to do if the pieces weights did not match one another could it be that I would have to cut a bit of the piece, hence making the surface area contact with the water to later be different and unfair during the tests.If I were to make further improvements of the investigation I would have more than one person working in my group for the investigation and would also give my myself more time. I would have also like more water baths so I could have more temperature ranges to work from. This will enable me to analyse more precisely what would have happened between the temperatures that I had done. It could have been that between 60 degrees Celsius and 65 Celsius, the liquification of lipids had actually blocked the route of the release of red pigment a little, and a decrease of light absorption would have been evident.I would have also have liked to perform more than 3 tests say about 5 at least, with enough colorimeters and hands to make it fair, and would get a very accurate mean of results from. As this would prove that the results obtained are most likely not obtained due to an external factor.